Director Philip Kaufman and screenwriter W.D. Richter eschew any straight remake of the original film or of Jack Finney’s book and instead go back to understanding what lay beneath the originals and translating it into contemporary terms. In the 1950s, America’s self-image was as a homely small town environment – the worst thing that could happen was for that sense of cosy next door familiarity to be turned into something alien. The original Invasion of the Body Snatchers is a film about society’s fear of the things that lie outside its rigid conservative confines. By the 1970s, that society had radically changed. The self-image had become urbanized and the breakdown of traditional values – ironically the very thing that the original Invasion of the Body Snatchers had so feared – had left many people less certain.

Invasion of the Body Snatchers 1978 instead becomes a metaphor of urban alienation. The scary images here come not from the comfortably familiar turned cold and unrecognizable, rather from people having become so absorbed in themselves that they do not notice the alien and emotionless taking over. When people say “My husband isn’t himself” in this film, it means something different to the original – and here the film wittily jumps away to Leonard Nimoy’s psychiatrist calmly explaining that it is only a wish fulfilment that comes from society’s regarding relationships as disposable. Indeed, the remake almost takes a sense of urban alienation as being the norm – at one point, Brooke Adams states: “I keep seeing these people. All recognizing each other. Something was passing between them all, some secret. It’s a conspiracy.” Urban alienation has become such that the actual meeting and contact of people is seen as something unsettling, which is surely a complete reversal of the message in the 1950s.

The original film, shot in black-and-white, had that cool, documentary-like clinicism so familiar to 1950s science-fiction films. Director Donald Siegel allowed it to become overtaken by a film noir intensity that subtly built to extreme paranoia. Philip Kaufman takes a quite different approach – he keeps his camera moving, his frame is always busy with incident. Amidst this, Kaufman builds the eerie up out of indirect detail (something that Donald Siegel never did) – shots that sit looking down hallways at uncomfortably odd distances; people watching in the corner of the frame or people whose eyes meet. In one scene, Art Hindle, who overnight suddenly becomes be-suited, clean-pressed and emotionless, sweeps up and puts out some grey fluff in one of the everpresent garbage trucks, a scene that becomes more chilling when one later realizes that it is the remains of his human self that he is sweeping up. When Philip Kaufman comes to the outright paranoia, he, like Siegel, allows a noir-esque shadow lighting to subtly pervade the film.

Away from the 1950s necessity for enforced happy endings, Philip Kaufman is also able to make his Invasion of the Body Snatchers a far less compromising film than the original. Kaufman manages to both recreate sequences from the original and add some highly effective sequences of his own. One scene that works far better here than it did in the original is the scene with the body at Bellicec’s place – with Donald Sutherland and Jeff Goldblum slowly realizing that the unformed body on the slab is identical to Goldblum; it developing a nosebleed just like Goldblum does; and the shock jump that occurs when it opens it eyes as Veronica Cartwright is looking down and then seconds later shuts them with an audible snap as Goldblum wakes up. The spookiest scene in the film is the one where Donald Sutherland dozes in his garden and the four pod duplicates of he and the others start to form, the pods oozing out naked bodies with a crunching, popping sounds, forming into embryonic creatures that have soil instead of crotches.

W.D. Richter delivers a script filled with some wonderfully disquiet dialogue. Just the way Brooke Adams’s boss delivers the line, “I don’t understand why you’ve become so emotional about a little flower,” alone suggests that he is a pod person. Some of the lines during the scene when Leonard Nimoy confronts Donald Sutherland and Brooke Adams in the office are superbly chilling:

Adams: “I hate you.”
Nimoy: “We don’t hate you – there’s no need for hate now. Or love.”
Adams: “There are people who will fight you. Stop you.”
Nimoy: “In an hour you won’t want them to.” (Before leaving, he consoles Donald Sutherland): “Don’t be trapped by old concepts, Matthew, you’re evolving into a new lifeform.”

Philip Kaufman throws in a number of in-jokes of his own (far better and well before genre in-quoting became a gimmick), including a cameo from Kevin McCarthy still running through the traffic wild-eyed, yelling “They’re coming to get you”, plus a cameo from the original director Don Siegel as a taxi driver. Robert Duvall also makes an uncredited blink-and-you-miss-him cameo at the very beginning as a priest on a swing in a children’s playground.

There were further remakes, the also worthwhile Body Snatchers (1993) from director Abel Ferrara and the highly disappointing The Invasion (2007).

Philip Kaufman has made a number of fine films, including the Inuit drama The White Dawn (1976), the gang film The Wanderers (1979), the Michael Crichton adaptation Rising Sun (1993) and works of literay erotica such as The Unbearable Lightness of Being (1987) and the superbly underrated Henry and June (1990). Kaufman has had a number of other associations with the genre. One of his earliest films was the comic-book hero spoof Fearless Frank (1967). He was also originally slated to direct Star Trek – The Motion Picture (1979), wrote the story for Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981), directed and adapted Tom Wolfe’s novel of the early days of the space programme The Right Stuff (1983), made a film out of the life of the Marquis de Sade with Quills (2000) and directed the disappointing serial killer thriller Twisted (2004).

Screenwriter W.D. Richter next wrote the script for the Frank Langella Dracula (1979), John Carpenter’s Big Trouble in Little China (1986), the Stephen King adaptation Needful Things (1993) and Stealth (2005) about an artificially intelligent fighter plane, as well as directing the cultish The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai: Across the Eighth Dimension (1984) and the fine cryogenic sleeper film Late for Dinner (1991).